Источники цитируемые в девятой главе
9. The Transmission of Culture
1. Mead, 1959, p. vii.
2. Fry, 1988.
3. Mead, 1963, p. 56 (originally published in 1935).
4. Mead, 1963, p. 164.
5. The Arapesh engage in warfare: Daly & Wilson, 1988. Warlike peoples are
nice to their babies: Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989. The Yanomamo: Chagnon, 1992.
6. Ghodsian-Carpey & Baker, 1987; Gottesman, Goldsmith, & Carey, 1997; van
den Oord, Boomsma, & Verhulst, 1994.
7. Twice as many children: Chagnon, 1988. Systematically breeding warriors:
Cairns, Gar-iepy, & Hood, 1990, reported that it is possible to produce strains
of mice that differ markedly in aggressiveness in only four or five generations
of selective breeding.
8. Chagnon, 1992; the discomforts of this style of dress: p. 86. The Yanomamo
men wore no clothing other than the waistband and string.
9. Hit ’em back: Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989. Discouraged from play-fighting: Fry,
1988.
10. Parks, 1995, p. 15.
11. Parks, 1995, p. 175.
12. Reader, 1988, pp. 215, 214.
13. LaFromboise, Coleman, & Gerton, 1993.
14. Ungar, 1995, p. 49.
15. Black English: Baron, 1992. Portuguese: Ferreira, 1996.
16. Hayakawa, 1964, p. 217.
17. Polgar, 1960, cited in LaFromboise et al., 1993.
18. Schaller, 1991, p. 90.
19. Schaller, 1991, p. 90.
20. For a positive view of Deaf culture, see Padden & Humphries, 1988. For a
negative view, see Bertling, 1994.
21. Umbel, Pearson, Fernlndez, 8c Oiler, 1992, p. 1013.
22. See, for example, Sidransky, 1990, p. 63.
23. Schaller, 1991, p. 191.
24. Sacks, 1989.
25. For an explanation of the miracle, see Pinker, 1994.
26. A. Senghas, 1995; Kegl, Senghas, & Coppola, 1999.
27. A. Senghas, 1995, p. 502-503.
28. Bickerton, 1983.
29. Genesis 11:1-9.
30. Bickerton, 1983, p. 119.
31. R. Senghas 8c Kegl, 1994.
32. Group socialization theory explains why people who grow up in different
cultures have somewhat different personalities but, as I later realized, doesn’t
do a very good job of accounting for personality differences within cultures.
That’s why I had to write another book.
33. This analogy was inspired by the prisoners and guards experiment of
Zimbardo, 1993 (originally published in 1972).
34. The prisoners’ culture: Goffman, 1961, Chapter 1; Minton, 1971, pp.
31-32. Outwitting the guards: Goffman, 1961, pp. 54-60.
35. Corsaro, 1997, pp. 42, 140.
36. Corsaro, 1985.
37. LeVine 8c B. LeVine, 1963.
38. Opie 8C Opie, 1969, pp. 7, 1, 5-6.
39. Sherif et al., 1961. See Chapter 7.
40. deMarrais, Nelson, 6c Baker, 1994.
41. Napier 8c Napier, 1985.
42. Glyn, 1970, pp. 128, 129, 135, 150. The quote attributed to the Duke
ofWellington may be apocryphal, though the Duke did attend Eton and later paid
many visits to the school.
43. Schaller, 1991, p. 90.
44. Golding, 1954.
45. Upper-class British: Glyn, 1970, p. 142. Yanomamo worries: Chagnon, 1992;
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989.
46. Parks, 1995, pp. 63-64,175.
47. Lewald, 1871, quoted in Schiitze, 1987, p. 51.
48. Council on Scientific Affairs, 1995
49. LeVine 8c B. LeVine, 1963; LeVine 8c S. LeVine, 1988, p. 32.
50. Howrigan, 1988, p. 48.
51. Breast-feeding among the well-off: Bee, Baranowski, Rassin, Richardson,
8c Mikrut, 1991. Among the economically disadvantaged: Jones, 1993, p. AA5.
52. Melson, Ladd, 8c Hsu, 1993; Salzinger, 1990.
53. Riley, 1990.
54. Salzinger, 1990.
55. Fry, 1988, p. 1010.
56. Coulton, Korbin, Su, 8c Chow, 1995; Deater-Deckard, Dodge, Bates, 8c
Pettit, 1996; Dodge, Pettit, 8C Bates, 1994b; Kelley 8c Tseng, 1992; Knight,
Virdin, 8c Roosa, 1994.
57. For an appreciation of the tremendous variation in child-rearing
practices around the world, see The Anthropology of Childhood (Lancy, 2008).
58. Roth, 1967, p. 107.
59. See, for example, Keenan, Loeber, Zhang, Stouthamer-Loeber, 8c van Kammen,
1995. This study found no relationship between the parents’ child-rearing
practices and the offspring’s delinquency, once the influence of delinquent
peers was taken into account. Also see Appendix 2 of this book.
60. Friend, 1995.
61. Delinquent London boys: Farrington, 1995; Rutter & Giller, 1983.
Neighborhood effects: Blyth & Leffert, 1995; Brooks-Gunn, Duncan, Klebanov, &
Sealand, 1993. Rose et al. (2003) found that eleven- and twelve-year-olds in
Finland resembled their classmates in attitudes toward smoking, drinking, and
religion. The researchers concluded that their results "reflect variations
across communities, neighborhoods, and schools that exert direct causal effects
on children’s behavioral development” (p. 277).
62. Brooks-Gunn et al., 1993; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, & Klebanov, 1994; see also
Fletcher, Darling, Dornbusch, & Steinberg, 1995.
63. Peeples & Loeber, 1994, p. 141.
64. Kupersmidt, Griesler, DeRosier, Patterson, & Davis, 1995, pp. 366, 360.
65. Kolata, 1993, p. C8.
66. Bickerton, 1983.
67. See, for example, Deater-Deckard et al., 1996.
68. Hartshorne & May, 1928, 1971 (originally published in 1930).
69. Hartshorne & May, 1971, p. 197.