Литература использованная в седьмой главе
1. Golding, 1954.
2. Whiting & Edwards, 1988.
3. Montagu, 1976.
4. Golding, 1954, p. 242.
5. Darwin, 1871, pp. 480-481. (Italics added.)
6. Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, & Sherif, 1961.
7. Sherif et al., 1961, p. 78.
8. Tajfel, 1970, p. 96.
9. Sherif etal., 1961, p. 76.
10. Golding, 1954, p. 18.
11. Glyn, 1970; Hibbert, 1987.
12. Sherif etal., 1961, p. 104.
13. Hayakawa, 1964, p. 216.
14. The advantages of categorization: Pinker, 1997. The dangers of
categorization: Hayakawa, 1964, p. 220.
15. Pinker, 1994; Rosch, 1978.
16. Roitblat & von Fersen, 1992; Wasserman, 1993.
17. Babies can categorize: Eimas & Quinn, 1994. Babies can form concepts:
Mandler, 1992. An underestimator of babies: Piaget, 1952.
18. The categorization skills of babies: Eimas & Quinn, 1994; Mandler &
McDonough, 1993; Levy & Haaf, 1994; Leinbach & Fagot, 1993. The facial
differences between grownups and children: Bigelow, MacLean, Wood, & Smith,
1990; Brooks & Lewis, 1976.
19. Fiske, 1992.
20. Hayakawa, 1964, p. 217.
21. Krueger, 1992; Krueger & Clement, 1994.
22. Wilder, 1986.
23. Boys talk dirty: Fine, 1986.
24. Sherif et al„ 1961, p. 106.
25. The nail that sticks up: WuDunn, 1996. Teenagers aren’t pushed to conform:
Lightfoot, 1992.
26. Asch, 1987, pp. 462, 464 (originally published in 1952).
27. Stone & Church, 1957, p. 207.
28. Sherif et al., 1961. Group clown: p. 78; nicknamed "Nudie”: p. 92.
29. Chagnon, 1988, p. 988.
30. Diamond, 1992a, p. 107.
31. "Effort to reintroduce thick-billed parrots in Arizona is dropped,” 1995.
32. Turner, 1987.
33. Turner, 1987.
34. Dawkins, 1976.
35. Pfennig & Sherman, 1995.
36. Bern, 1996.
37. Diamond, 1992b, p. 102; O’Leary & Smith, 1991.
38. Hartup, 1983.
39. Segal, 1993.
40. Goodall, 1988.
41. Turner, 1987.
42. Turner hasn’t completely solved the problem of salience, because his
answer doesn’t explain why we divide up people into the particular social
categories that are salient to us. Why not people with freckles versus people
without them? People with long names versus people with short ones?
Theoretically, there is no end to the ways we could categorize people and ourselves.
Pinker (1994, pp. 416-417) has discussed this problem with regard to "similarity”
and has come to the conclusion that our sense of similarity must be innate. The
same must be true of social categories: we are predisposed to categorize people
in certain ways, especially by age and sex.
43. Reference group: Shibutani, 1955. Psychological group: Turner, 1987, pp.
1-2,
44. de Waal, 1989, p. 1.
45. de Waal, 1989, p.267.
46. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989, p. 596.
47. Wilder, 1971 (originally published in 1935).
48. Turner, 1987, pp. 1-2.
49. I later realized that it was necessary to distinguish between
socialization and personality development, and that group socialization theory
can explain the first but not the second. In No Two Mike (Harris, 2006a), I
propose a new theory of personality development. The new theory explains how two
contradictory processes—assimilation and differentiation— can go on during the
same period of time.
50. Einstein, 1991, p. 40 (originally published in 1950).